![]() From the mid-15th century, Cossacks are mostly mentioned with Slavic names. ![]() Judging by the records of their names, these early Cossacks seem to have included a significant number of Tatar descendants. Rulers of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth employed Cossacks as mobile guards against Tatar raids from the south in the territories of present-day southwestern Russia and southern Ukraine. Īfter 1400 the Cossacks emerge as an established and identifiable group in historical accounts. Many were hired as cavalry by Russian and Ukrainian warlords, in much the same way that they hired Black Klobuks as personal guards. ![]() Įarly Russian military greatly admired Cossacks for their equestrian skills. They are closely related to modern Kazakhs. In the 11th century they finally arrived in the steppe area north of the Black Sea in southwestern Russia and Ukraine. Afterwards they migrated further west into the trans-Volga region (present-day western Kazakhstan). Some Turkologists argue that Cumania's Cossacks descend from Kipchaks, who partly originated near the northern Chinese borders and soon moved to Western Siberia. Ĭossacks and their quasi-states such as the Zaporozhian Sich are considered to be responsible for nation-forming processes leading to the establishment of modern Ukrainian nation. Some historians suggest that the Cossack people had mixed ethnic origins, descending from Russians, Khazars, Ukrainians, Tatars, and others who settled or passed through the vast steppe that stretches from Asia to southern Europe. In the 15th century, the term originally described semi-independent Tatar groups which lived on the Dnipro River, which flows through Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. Non-mainstream theories, however, have borrowed the date 948 from imperial historiography, and ascribe an earlier Cossack existence to the tenth century, but deny Cossack links both to "the old people" (Khazars) and to "the new people" (Russians and Ukrainians the very terms "old people" and "new people" being coined by the 11th-century Metropolitan Ilarion of Kiev), specifically mentioning 948 as the year when the inhabitants of the steppe under a leader named Kasak or Kazak routed the Khazars in the area of modern Kuban and organized a state called Kazakia or Cossackia. Because of the need of both the Reds and the anti-Bolshevik forces to deny any separate Cossack ethnicity, the traditional post- imperial historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th-15th centuries. The Academician Ivan Zabelin mentioned that peoples of the prairies and of the woods had always needed "a live frontier", and even ancient Borisphenites ( Dniepr Scythians) and Tanaites could be the predecessors of Cossacks, not only the Khazars, who assimilated/included Severians, Goths, Scythians and other ancient inhabitants, as insisted by Cossack folklore, by the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, and by numerous Cossack historians. Modern scholars believe that Cossacks have both Slavic and Turkic origins. According to one theory, Cossacks have Slavic origins, while another theory states that the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk of 1710 attests to Khazar origins. Several theories speculate about the origins of the Cossacks. The history of the Cossacks spans several centuries. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points.
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